Bajo las jaulas
Coming soon · A documentary by Animal Libre

Beneath the cages.

Don't look at the water.

In the far south of Chile, one of the world's largest industries works below the surface. We followed it for months: what happens to each animal, to the seabed and to the people who work there.

#Salmonicidio

Scroll down. Look beneath the water.
The premiere

Coming soon to the screen.

Act I0 – 20 m2 min

Someone

Before any figure, an individual: what a salmon experiences from birth until transfer for slaughter.

  1. 01Just one
  2. 02Their life
The animal

There is just one salmon I want you to remember.

Not a statistic. Not a tonne. Just one.

LEVEL 3 · THE INDIVIDUAL (SCALE 1:1)
JUST ONE · SOMEONE

To find him, we had to zoom through millions of lives reduced by the industry to commercial weight.

Touch the water or slide the scale: every dot is someone.

1,167,342tonnes

of salmonids were harvested in Chile in 2025. The industry counts them like that: by weight. [1]

When animals are counted in tonnes, individuals disappear.

25,253,341fish

died in sea-farming cycles that ended in 2024. This adds the three species in the official report; it is not the total number of deaths across the entire sector that year. [2]

Scientific evidence shows that high stocking densities, confinement and production handling can increase stress, promote disease and impair salmon welfare. Mortality, injuries and behavioural changes are among the indicators used to assess their condition.

Their life

Born to travel thousands of kilometres. Raised in a cage.

Natal river · Fresh water1,500 – 4,000 kmOpen ocean · Return
In the wild · The great ocean journeyA salmon hatches in a river, swims out to the open ocean, travels thousands of kilometres guided by currents and magnetic fields, and returns by scent to the exact stream where it was born.
Industrial cage≈20 m deep · 0 km18 months in a loop
On the farm · The perpetual circleA floating cage that can measure 30 to 40 metres on each side and around 20 metres deep. Alongside tens of thousands of fish, the salmon remains confined during grow-out until transfer for slaughter.

And salmon don't belong in these waters: they are an introduced species in Chile. Industrial farming grew from the 1980s until it became one of the country's biggest exports. Every stage of their life is controlled:

  1. 01 · 30–50 days

    Eggs

    Artificial reproduction in closed hatcheries. Genetic selection to maximise rapid weight gain.

  2. 02 · 10–12 months

    Fresh water

    Light cycles and water temperature are manipulated to control growth and adaptation to seawater. These regimes may include periods of continuous artificial lighting, 24 hours a day.

  3. 03 · 10–20 months

    The sea

    High-density floating cages across southern fjords, with automated feeding and antiparasitic baths.

  4. 04 · Final stage

    Harvest

    Suctioned through vacuum pumps or nets, transported in wellboats, stunned and slaughtered at scale.

A minute underwater

Footage of salmon beside farming nets. Play the video to observe the scene.

Act II20 – 85 m4 min

What the water hides

What you can't see from the shore: antibiotics, the seabed, escapes and concessions inside protected areas.

  1. 01The postcard
  2. 02What is used
  3. 03The seabed
  4. 04Escapes
  5. 05The map
The postcard

What you see above the water is only a fragment.

This is how Patagonia presents itself to the world: fjords, mountains, a sea that seems untouched. And this is how Chilean salmon is sold: as the product of a remote, pure, almost untouched place.

What happens beneath the surface is never part of the postcard. From above, the cages look small. Up close, they fill entire fjords.

“What you see above the water is only a fragment of reality. What happens down there… almost no one sees it, or even imagines it.”

Someone who worked for years in the industry, in Bajo las jaulas
Above: the postcardBelow: what no one sees
Slide to lower the waterline
What is used

415 tonnes of antibiotics in a single year.

2024351.1 t
2025415.4 t

That is Sernapesca's official figure for 2025: 18.3% more than the year before, while production rose to 1,167,342 tonnes. [1]

Chile and Norway, side by side.

In 2024, Chile used 351,100 kilos of antibiotics in salmon farming. Norway, the world's largest salmon producer, used 741 kilos. [3]

474 times more

Absolute kilograms in 2024; not adjusted for production, species or reporting differences.

Chile
Norway

Using far less is possible.

Cycles certified by Sernapesca's PROA-Salmón programme used an average of 13.47 grams per tonne produced. The sea-farming average was 313.81. In 2025, those cycles were about a quarter of production. [1]

Sea-farming average313.81 g/t
PROA-Salmón cycles13.47 g/t

Part of these antibiotics is not absorbed by the fish and stays in the sediment, where studies have found persistent residues and resistant bacteria. The World Health Organization considers antimicrobial resistance one of the top global public health threats. You don't have to eat salmon for this to affect you. [11]

The seabed

Everything that happens in an open cage ends up in the sea.

  1. SurfaceFish remain in open-net cagesIntensive farming
  2. FeedingFeed is distributed inside the cagesOrganic input
  3. Water columnSome feed and waste sinkSedimentation
  4. SeabedOrganic matter reaches the sedimentVariable buildup
  5. DecompositionMicroorganisms break it downOxygen use
  6. If the load exceeds local capacityAvailable oxygen may declineHypoxia risk
  7. Ecological effectSensitive species may be affectedLocal impact
  8. AssessmentEach site requires measurementNot a reading

Fish waste and uneaten feed can accumulate beneath cages. If the load exceeds a site’s capacity to absorb it, decomposition consumes oxygen. This is a conceptual sequence: depth, oxygen and impact must be measured at each farm.

A case: the Comau fjord

A marine protected area since 2003.

1,900+

species identified by researcher Vreni Häussermann, after more than a thousand dives.

2012

the cold-water coral banks died en masse, from one week to the next.

5

salmon farming concessions inside the protected area.

5,000+ t

of salmon died in April 2021 in an algal bloom in the area.

This is home to the coral Desmophyllum dianthus, which in other seas lives thousands of metres deep and in Chile appears just a few metres below the surface. Häussermann attributes its death to methane and sulphur from volcanic activity, combined with a lack of oxygen that, in her words, most probably comes from salmon farming. [7] [8]

“It is not suitable for salmon farming, and now even less so, because it is badly damaged.”

Vreni Häussermann, on the Comau fjord
Escapes

When the cages fail.

109

escapes between 2004 and 2021.

8.53 million

salmonids released into the wild. [5]

An introduced species that can compete with native species, prey on them and alter ecosystems where it never existed.

The map

416 salmon farming concessions inside protected areas.

Places the State itself declared essential to conserve biodiversity. Each dot is a granted concession.

317Reserva Forestal Las Guaitecas

67Reserva Nacional Kawésqar

19Parque Nacional Alberto de Agostini

8Área marina costera protegida Pitipalena–Añihue

5Área marina costera protegida Fiordo Comau–San Ignacio de Huinay

Concessions granted according to Undersecretariat of Fisheries data (2021); not all operate at the same time. [6]

US$6,549 million

exported in 2025: salmon is Chile's second-largest export.

+14%

harvest growth in 2025.

More than half

of production is in Aysén, and about a third in Los Lagos.

[4]

Act III85 – 120 m2 min

Those who look

The people who work beneath the water and the question this documentary leaves open.

  1. 01The people
  2. 02The question
The people

Those who see what happens below.

Divers go down to repair nets, inspect structures and remove dead fish, in cold water, with strong currents and poor visibility. Many come from small-scale fishing. They know the seabed better than anyone.

49

divers died between 2004 and 2026, in more than 270 accidents recorded by the Chilean Navy. [9]

In 2026 alone, up to August, 12 people working in salmon farming died.

This documentary does not pit workers against animals. Both are part of the same sistema, from very different places. The question points higher up: who decides that these risks, for animals, for people and for the ecosystem, are an acceptable cost?

The question

If we know what happens beneath the water, why does it keep happening?

  1. Tierra del Fuego, in Argentina, bans salmon farming in its waters, citing what happened in Chile.

  2. Its legislature allows it again, except in the Beagle Channel, by eight votes to seven.

  3. There are bills to take salmon farming out of protected areas. None has become law.

[10]

Solutions exist. Science has been providing evidence for years. What's missing no longer depends on it: it depends on what we decide as a society.

The shoot

Field logbook.

Visual records from the investigation across the fjords of southern Chile. Tap any photograph to inspect it in detail.

01 · Salmon underwaterA group of salmon in the underwater footage.
Salmon underwaterA group of salmon in the underwater footage.
02 · An individual among manyA salmon in the foreground, with other fish behind it.
An individual among manyA salmon in the foreground, with other fish behind it.
03 · Life on the seabedA marine organism on the rocky seabed.
Life on the seabedA marine organism on the rocky seabed.
04 · A view beneath the waterA fish among rocks on the seabed.
A view beneath the waterA fish among rocks on the seabed.

A salmon never chose to live inside a cage.

A worker doesn't choose the conditions of their job either.

And Patagonia never chose to be the setting for this story.

We decided to look.

Now that decision is yours too.

Sources
  1. Sernapesca, 2025 report on antimicrobial use in salmon farming (March 2026)
  2. Sernapesca, 2024 salmon-farming health report, table 4: mortality in closed sea-farming cycles (2025)
  3. Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries, Key Figures from Norwegian Aquaculture Industry 2025, table 42 (2025)
  4. SalmonChile, «Salmón chileno se consolida como el segundo producto más exportado del país durante 2025» (2026)
  5. Bravo, Whelan, Díaz y Silva, «Causal analysis of escapement of farmed salmonids in southern Chile», Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research (2023)
  6. Mongabay Latam, con datos de la Subsecretaría de Pesca (2021), republicado por El Ciudadano (2023)
  7. Mongabay, «Home to rare corals, a Chilean fjord declines in spite of protection» (2023)
  8. Mongabay Latam, «La industria salmonera está degradando el fiordo Comau» (2025)
  9. El Desconcierto, con datos de Directemar recopilados por el Centro Ecoceanos (17 de agosto de 2026)
  10. Buenos Aires Herald, «Salmon farming is coming to the end of the world» (4 de abril de 2026)
  11. Organización Mundial de la Salud, «Resistencia a los antimicrobianos» (nota descriptiva)

Photograph of the Reloncaví Estuary: Jackripper11 · Jaula cultivo salmon chile · CC BY-SA 4.0.